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. Two single-particle aerosol mass spectrometers (SPAMSs) were deployedsimultaneously at an urban and a rural site in Beijing during an intensivefield campaign from 1 to 29 November 2016 to investigate the sourceand process of airborne particles in Beijing. In the first part of thisresearch, we report the single-particle chemical composition, mixing state,and evolution at both sites. A total of 96 % and 98 % of collected particles werecarbonaceous at the urban and rural sites, respectively. Five particlecategories, including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC),internal-mixed EC and OC (ECOC), potassium-rich (K-rich), and metals, wereobserved at both sites. The categories were partitioned into particle typesdepending on different atmospheric processing stages. A total of 17 particle types were shared at both sites. In the urban area, nitrate-containingparticle types, such as EC-Nit (Nit: nitrate) and ECOC-Nit, were enriched especially atnight, sulfate-containing particles were transported when wind speed washigh, and ECOC-Nit-Sul (Sul: sulfate) were mostly aged locally. In sum, these processed particlesadded up to 85.3 % in the urban areas. In the rural area, regionalparticles were abundant, but freshly emitted ECOC and OC had distinctpatterns that were pronounced at cooking and heating times. Biomass burning,traffic, and coal burning were major sources of particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in both rural and urban areas. Moreover, particles from the steel industry located in thesouth were also identified. In summary, the chemical composition of urbanand rural particle types was similar in Beijing; the urban particles wereinfluenced significantly by rural processing and transport. The work isuseful to understand the evolution of urban and rural particles in Beijingduring winter.

Simultaneous measurements of urban and rural particles in Beijing – Part 1: Chemical composition and mixing state