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. Observations show that the concentrations of Arctic sulfate and black carbon(BC) aerosols have declined since the early 1980s. Previous studies havereported that reducing sulfate aerosols potentially contributed to therecent rapid Arctic warming. In this study, a global aerosol–climate model (Community AtmosphereModel, version 5) equipped with Explicit Aerosol Source Tagging (CAM5-EAST) is applied toquantify the source apportionment of aerosols in the Arctic from 16source regions and the role of aerosol variations in affecting changes inthe Arctic surface temperature from 1980 to 2018. The CAM5-EAST simulatedsurface concentrations of sulfate and BC in the Arctic had a decrease of43 % and 23 %, respectively, in 2014–2018 relative to 1980–1984mainly due to the reduction of emissions from Europe, Russia and local Arctic sources. Increases in emissions from South and East Asia led topositive trends in Arctic sulfate and BC in the upper troposphere. Allaerosol radiative impacts are considered including aerosol–radiation andaerosol–cloud interactions, as well as black carbon deposition on snow- andice-covered surfaces. Within the Arctic, sulfate reductions caused atop-of-atmosphere (TOA) warming of 0.11 and 0.25 W m −2 through aerosol–radiation and aerosol–cloud interactions, respectively.While the changes in Arctic atmospheric BC has little impact on localradiative forcing, the decrease in BC in snow and ice led to a net cooling of0.05 W m −2 . By applying climate sensitivity factors for differentlatitudinal bands, global changes in sulfate and BC during 2014–2018 (withrespect to 1980–1984) exerted a +0.088 and 0.057 K Arctic surfacewarming, respectively, through aerosol–radiation interactions. Throughaerosol–cloud interactions, the sulfate reduction caused an Arctic warming of +0.193  K between the two time periods. The weakened BC effect on snow–icealbedo led to an Arctic surface cooling of −0.041  K. The changes inatmospheric sulfate and BC outside the Arctic produced a total Arcticwarming of + 0.25 K, the majority of which is due to the midlatitudechanges in radiative forcing. Our results suggest that changes in aerosolsover the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere have a larger impact onArctic temperature than other regions through enhanced poleward heattransport. The combined total effects of sulfate and BC produced an Arcticsurface warming of + 0.297 K, explaining approximately 20 % of theobserved Arctic warming since the early 1980s.

Source attribution of Arctic black carbon and sulfate aerosols and associated Arctic surface warming during 1980–2018