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. In order to track progress towards the global climatetargets, the parties that signed the Paris Climate Agreement will regularlyreport their anthropogenic carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) emissions based onenergy statistics and CO2 emission factors. Independent evaluation ofthis self-reporting system is a fast-growing research topic. Here, we studythe value of satellite observations of the column CO2 concentrations toestimate CO2 anthropogenic emissions with 5 years of the OrbitingCarbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) retrievals over and around China. With thedetailed information of emission source locations and the local wind, wesuccessfully observe CO2 plumes from 46 cities and industrial regionsover China and quantify their CO2 emissions from the OCO-2observations, which add up to a total of 1.3 Gt  CO2  yr −1 thataccounts for approximately 13 % of mainland China's annual emissions. Thenumber of cities whose emissions are constrained by OCO-2 here is 3 to10 times larger than in previous studies that only focused on large cities andpower plants in different locations around the world. Our satellite-basedemission estimates are broadly consistent with the independent values fromChina's detailed emission inventory MEIC but are more different from thoseof two widely used global gridded emission datasets (i.e., EDGAR and ODIAC),especially for the emission estimates for the individual cities. Theseresults demonstrate some skill in the satellite-based emissionquantification for isolated source clusters with the OCO-2, despite thesparse sampling of this instrument not designed for this purpose. This skillcan be improved by future satellite missions that will have a denser spatialsampling of surface emitting areas, which will come soon in the early 2020s.

Observing carbon dioxide emissions over China's cities and industrial areas with the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2