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. This study examines the climatology of cloud phase overSoutheast Asia (SEA) based on A-Train satelliteobservations. Using the combined CloudSat–CALIPSO (CC) data, five main cloudgroups are investigated: ice-only, ice-above-liquid, liquid-only,ice-above-mixed, and mixed-only clouds that have annual mean frequencies of28.6 %, 20.1 %, 16.0 %, 9.3 %, and 6.7 %, respectively. Liquid-onlyclouds tend to occur in relatively cold, dry, and stable lowertroposphere. The other four cloud groups appear more frequently inrelatively warm, humid, and unstable conditions, and their seasonaldistributions move with the Asian monsoon and the Intertropical ConvergenceZone (ITCZ). Liquid clouds are found to be highly inhomogeneous based on theheterogeneity index (Hσ) from Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), while ice-only andmixed-only clouds are often very smooth. Ice-above-liquid clouds are moreheterogeneous than ice-only clouds owing to ice clouds being opticallythin. We demonstrate that the distribution of clear-skyHσ has a long tail towards heterogeneous valuesthat are caused by undetected subpixel cloud within both CC and MODISdatasets. The reflectance at 0.645 µm (R0.645) and brightnesstemperature at 11 µm (BT11) of CC ice-only, liquid-only, andice-above-liquid clouds show peak frequencies near that of clear sky (R0.645∼0.02; BT11∼294 K), which explains why up to30 % of these CC cloud groups are classified as clear by MODIS. Incontrast, mixed-only clouds are thick (average top ∼13 km),bright (average R0.645∼0.6), and cold (average BT11∼234 K). Cloud phase comparison between CC and MODIS revealsonly modest agreement, with the best agreement (73 %) occurring between CCice-above-mixed and MODIS ice clouds. The intraseasonal and interannualbehaviors of the all-sky Hσ and spectral signatures follow that of cloudphase and vary with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the ElNiño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases.

Cloud phase characteristics over Southeast Asia from A-Train satellite observations