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. Air quality in China has changed dramatically in response to rapid development of the economy and to policies. In this work, we investigatethe changes in anthropogenic source contribution to ambient fine particulatematter (PM2.5) air pollution and related health impacts in China during 1990–2015 and elucidate the drivers behind the decadal transition. We estimate the contribution of five anthropogenic emitting sectors to ambientPM2.5 exposure and related premature mortality over China during1990–2015 with 5-year intervals, by using an integrated model framework of abottom-up emission inventory, a chemical transport model, and the GlobalExposure Mortality Model (GEMM). The national anthropogenicPM2.5-related premature mortality estimated with the GEMM fornonaccidental deaths due to noncommunicable diseases and lower respiratoryinfections rose from 1.26 million (95 % confidence interval (CI) [1.05, 1.46]) in 1990 to 2.18 million (95 % CI [1.84, 2.50]) in 2005; then,it decreased to 2.10 million (95 % CI [1.76, 2.42]) in 2015. In 1990, theresidential sector was the leading source of the PM2.5-relatedpremature mortality (559 000, 95 % CI [467 000, 645 900], 44 % of total)in China, followed by industry (29 %), power (13 %), agriculture (9 %),and transportation (5 %). In 2015, the industrial sector became thelargest contributor of PM2.5-related premature mortality (734 000, 95 % CI [615 500, 844 900], 35 % of total), followed by the residential sector(25 %), agriculture (23 %), transportation (10 %), and power (6 %).The decadal changes in source contribution to PM2.5-related prematuremortality in China represent a combined impact of socioeconomic developmentand clean-air policy. For example, active control measures have successfullyreduced pollution from the power sector, while contributions from the industrial andtransportation sectors have continuously increased due to more prominent growth inactivity rates. A transition in fuel consumption has dominated the decrease in the contribution from residential sector. Meanwhile, the contribution from theagriculture sector has continuously increased due to persistent NH3emissions and enhanced formation of secondary inorganic aerosols under anNH3-rich environment.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Decadal changes in anthropogenic source contribution of PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; pollution and related health impacts in China, 1990–2015