English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

. Ship emissions in and around ports are of interest forurban air quality management in many harbour cities. We investigated theimpact of regional and local ship emissions on urban air quality for2012 conditions in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, the largest cargoport in Scandinavia. In order to assess the effects of ship emissions, acoupled regional- and local-scale model system has been set up using shipemissions in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea as well as in and around theport of Gothenburg. Ship emissions were calculated with the Ship TrafficEmission Assessment Model (STEAM), taking into account individualvessel characteristics and vessel activity data. The calculatedcontributions from local and regional shipping to local air pollution inGothenburg were found to be substantial, especially in areas around the cityports. The relative contribution from local shipping to annual mean NO2 concentrations was 14 % as the model domain average, while therelative contribution from regional shipping in the North Sea and the BalticSea was 26 %. In an area close to the city terminals, the contribution of NO2 from local shipping (33 %) was higher than that of roadtraffic (28 %), which indicates the importance of controlling localshipping emissions. Local shipping emissions of NOx led toa decrease in the summer mean O3 levels in the city by 0.5 ppb( ∼2  %) on average. Regional shipping led to a slightincrease in O3 concentrations; however, the overall effect ofregional and the local shipping together was a small decrease in the summermean O3 concentrations in the city. In addition, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions fromlocal shipping compensate up to 4 ppb of the decrease in summer O3 concentrations due to the NO titration effect. For particulate matter with a medianaerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5  µ m (PM 2.5 ), localship emissions contributed only 3 % to the annual mean in the model domain,while regional shipping under 2012 conditions was a larger contributor, withan annual mean contribution of 11 % of the city domain average. Based on the modelled local and regional shipping contributions, the healtheffects of PM 2.5 , NO2 and ozone were assessed using theALPHA-RiskPoll (ARP) model. An effect of the shipping-associated PM 2.5 exposure in the modelled area was a mean decrease in the life expectancy by0.015 years per person. The relative contribution of local shipping tothe impact of total PM 2.5 was 2.2 %, which can be compared to the 5.3 % contribution from local road traffic. The relative contribution ofthe regional shipping was 10.3 %. The mortalities due to the exposure to NO2 associated with shipping were calculated to be 2.6 premature deaths yr −1 . The relative contribution of local and regionalshipping to the total exposure to NO2 in the reference simulation was14 % and 21 %, respectively. The shipping-related ozone exposures weredue to the NO titration effect leading to a negative number of prematuredeaths. Our study shows that overall health impacts of regional shipping canbe more significant than those of local shipping, emphasizing that abatementpolicy options on city-scale air pollution require close cooperation acrossgovernance levels. Our findings indicate that the strengthened SulphurEmission Control Areas (SECAs) fuel sulphur limit from 1 % to 0.1 % in2015, leading to a strong decrease in the formation of secondary particulatematter on a regional scale was an important step in improving the airquality in the city.

The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part 1: 2012 emissions