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. The Arctic is one of the most rapidly warming regions of the Earth, withpredicted temperature increases of 5–7 ∘C and the accompanyingextensive retreat of Arctic glacial systems by 2100. Retreating glacierswill reveal new land surfaces for microbial colonisation, ultimatelysucceeding to tundra over decades to centuries. An unexplored dimension tothese changes is the impact upon the emission and consumption of halogenatedorganic compounds (halocarbons). Halocarbons are involved in severalimportant atmospheric processes, including ozone destruction, and despiteconsiderable research, uncertainties remain in the natural cycles of some ofthese compounds. Using flux chambers, we measured halocarbon fluxes acrossthe glacier forefield (the area between the present-day position of aglacier's ice-front and that at the last glacial maximum) of a high-Arcticglacier in Svalbard, spanning recently exposed sediments (&lt;10 years) to approximately 1950-year-old tundra. Forefield land surfaces werefound to consume methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide(CH3Br), with both consumption and emission of methyl iodide(CH3I) observed. Bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane(CH2Br2) have rarely been measured from terrestrial sources butwere here found to be emitted across the forefield. Novel measurementsconducted on terrestrial cyanobacterial mats covering relatively youngsurfaces showed similar measured fluxes to the oldest, vegetated tundrasites for CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I (which were consumed) and forCHCl3 and CHBr3 (which were emitted). Consumption rates ofCH3Cl and CH3Br and emission rates of CHCl3 from tundra andcyanobacterial mat sites were within the ranges reported from older and moreestablished Arctic tundra elsewhere. Rough calculations showed totalemissions and consumptions of these gases across the Arctic were smallrelative to other sources and sinks due to the small surface arearepresented by glacier forefields. We have demonstrated that glacierforefields can consume and emit halocarbons despite their young age and lowsoil development, particularly when cyanobacterial mats are present.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Consumption of CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;Cl, CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;Br, and CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;I and emission of CHCl&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, CHBr&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, and CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;Br&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; from the forefield of a retreating Arctic glacier