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. In this study we use ozone and stratospheric ozone tracersimulations from the high-resolution (0.5∘×0.5∘)Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 5 (GEOS-5), in a replay mode to studythe impact of stratospheric ozone on tropospheric ozone interannualvariability (IAV). We use these simulations in conjunction with ozonesondemeasurements from 1990 to 2016 during the winter and spring seasons. Thesimulations include a stratospheric ozone tracer (StratO3) to aid inthe evaluation of the impact of stratospheric ozone IAV on the IAV oftropospheric ozone at different altitudes and locations. The model is in goodagreement with the observed interannual variation in troposphericozone, except for the post-Pinatubo period (1992–1994) over the regionof North America. Ozonesonde data show a negative ozone anomaly in 1992–1994following the Pinatubo eruption, with recovery thereafter. The simulatedanomaly is only half the magnitude of that observed. Our analysis suggeststhat the simulated stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) flux deduced fromthe analysis might be too strong over the North American (50–70∘ N) region after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in the early1990s, masking the impact of lower stratospheric ozone concentration ontropospheric ozone. European ozonesonde measurements show a similar butweaker ozone depletion after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, which is fullyreproduced by the model. Analysis based on the stratospheric ozone tracer identifies differences in strength and vertical extent ofstratospheric ozone impact on the tropospheric ozone interannual variation(IAV) between North America and Europe. Over North American stations, theStratO3 IAV has a significant impact on tropospheric ozone from theupper to lower troposphere and explains about 60 % and 66 % of thesimulated ozone IAV at 400 hPa and ∼11 % and 34 % at 700 hPa in winter and spring, respectively. Over European stations, the influenceis limited to the middle to upper troposphere and becomes much smaller at700 hPa. The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research andApplications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), assimilated fields exhibit stronglongitudinal variations over Northern Hemisphere (NH) mid-high latitudes,with lower tropopause height and lower geopotential height over NorthAmerica than over Europe. These variations associated with the relevantvariations in the location of tropospheric jet flows are responsible for thelongitudinal differences in the stratospheric ozone impact, with strongereffects over North America than over Europe.

Stratospheric impact on the Northern Hemisphere winter and spring ozone interannual variability in the troposphere