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. Serious urban ozone (O3) pollution was observed during the campaign of2016 G20 summit in Hangzhou, China, while other pollutants had beensignificantly reduced by the short-term emission control measures. Tounderstand the underlying mechanism, the Weather Research Forecast withChemistry (WRF-Chem) model is used to investigate the spatial and temporalO3 variations in Hangzhou from 24 August to 6 September 2016. Themodel is first successfully evaluated and validated for local and regionalmeteorological and chemical parameters by using the ground and upper-airlevel observed data. High ozone concentrations, temporally during most of the daytime emission control period and spatially from the surface to thetop of the planetary boundary layer, are captured in Hangzhou and even thewhole Yangtze River Delta region. Various atmospheric processes are further analyzed todetermine the influential factors of local ozone formation through theintegrated process rate method. Interesting horizontal and verticaladvection circulations of O3 are observed during several shortperiods, and the effects of these processes are nearly canceled out. As aresult, ozone pollution is mainly attributed to the local photochemicalreactions that are not obviously influenced by the emission reductionmeasures. The ratio of reduction of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) tothat of NOx is a critical parameter that needs to be carefully considered for future alleviation of ozone formation. In addition, the vertical diffusion from the upper-air background O3 also plays an important role in shaping the surface ozone concentration. These results provide insight into urban O3 formation in Hangzhou and support the Model Intercomparison Study Asia Phase III (MICS-Asia Phase III).

Spatial–temporal variations and process analysis of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; pollution in Hangzhou during the G20 summit

Spatial–temporal variations and process analysis of O<sub>3</sub> pollution in Hangzhou during the G20 summit