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. The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is quasi-periodicoscillation of the tropical zonal wind in the stratosphere. When thetropical lower stratospheric wind is easterly (westerly), the winterNorthern Hemisphere (NH) stratospheric polar vortex tends to be weak(strong). This relation is known as the Holton–Tan relationship. Severalmechanisms for this relationship have been proposed, especially linking thetropics with high latitudes through stratospheric pathway. Although QBOimpacts on the troposphere have been extensively discussed, a troposphericpathway of the Holton–Tan relationship has not been explored previously. Here,we propose a tropospheric pathway of the QBO impact, which may partlyaccount for the Holton–Tan relationship in early winter, especially in theNovember–December period. The study is based on analyses of observationaldata and results from a simple linear model and atmospheric generalcirculation model (AGCM) simulations. The mechanism is summarized asfollows: the easterly phase of the QBO is accompanied with coldertemperature in the tropical tropopause layer, which enhances convectiveactivity over the tropical western Pacific and suppresses it over the IndianOcean, thus enhancing the Walker circulation. This convection anomalygenerates a Rossby wave train, propagating into the midlatitude troposphere,which constructively interferences with the climatological stationary waves,especially in wavenumber 1, resulting in enhanced upward propagation of theplanetary wave and a weakened polar vortex.

A tropospheric pathway of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) impact on the boreal winter polar vortex