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. Convection-permitting simulations are used to understandthe effects of cloud–aerosol interactions in a case ofheavy rainfall over southern China.The simulations are evaluated using radar observations from the Southern China Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SCMREX) andremotely sensed estimates of precipitation, clouds and radiation.We focus on the effects of complexity in cloud–aerosol interactions,especially the depletion and transport of aerosol material by clouds.In particular, simulations withaerosol concentrations held constantare compared with a fullycloud–aerosol-interacting system to investigatethe effects of two-way coupling between aerosols and cloudson a line of organised deep convection.It is shown that the cloud processing of aerosols canchange the vertical structure of the storm by using upaerosols within the core of line, thereby maintaining arelatively clean environment which propagates with the heaviest rainfall.This induces changes in the statistics of surface rainfall, with a cleanerenvironment being associated with less-intense but more-frequent rainfall.These effects are shown to be related toa shortening of the timescale for convertingcloud droplets to rain as the aerosol number concentration is decreased.The simulations are compared to satellite-derived estimates ofsurface rainfall, a condensed-water path and the outgoing flux of short-waveradiation. Simulations for fewer aerosol particles outperformthe more polluted simulations for surface rainfall butgive poorer representations of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation.

The effects of cloud–aerosol interaction complexity on simulations of presummer rainfall over southern China