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. A total of 252 emission plumes of ships operating in theMediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula were investigated using acomprehensive dataset of gas- and submicron-particle-phase propertiesmeasured during the 2-month shipborne AQABA (Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin) field campaign in summer2017. The post-measurement identification of the corresponding shipemission events in the measured data included the determination of the plumesources (up to 38 km away) as well as the plume ages (up to 115 min) andwas based on commercially available historical records of the AutomaticIdentification System. The dispersion lifetime of chemically inert CO2 in the ship emission plumes was determined as 70±15  min, resultingin levels indistinguishable from the marine background after 260±60  min. Emission factors (EFs) as quantities that are independent of plumedilution were calculated and used for the investigation of influences onship emission plumes caused by ship characteristics and the combustionprocess as well as by atmospheric processes during the early stage ofexhaust release and during plume ageing. Combustion efficiency and thereforeemission factors of black carbon and NOx were identified to dependmostly on the vessel speed and gross tonnage. Moreover, larger ships,associated with higher engine power, were found to use fuel with highersulfur content and have higher gas-phase SO2 , particulate sulfate,particulate organics, and particulate matter EFs. Despite the independence ofEFs of dilution, a significant influence of the ambient wind speed on theparticle number and mass EFs was observed that can be traced back toenhanced particle coagulation in the case of slower dilution and suppressedvapour condensation on particles in the case of faster dilution of the emissionplume. Atmospheric reactions and processes in ship emission plumes wereinvestigated that include NOx and O3 chemistry, gas-to-particleconversion of NOx and SO2 , and the neutralisation of acids in theparticle phase through the uptake of ambient gas-phase ammonia, the lattertwo of which cause the inorganic particulate content to increase and theorganic fraction to decrease with increasing plume age. The results allow for us todescribe the influences on (or processes in) ship emission plumesquantitatively by parameterisations, which could be used for furtherrefinement of atmospheric models, and to identify which of these processesare the most important ones.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Influence of vessel characteristics and atmospheric processes on the gas and particle phase of ship emission plumes: in situ measurements in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula