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Abstract. We extend upon previous work to examine the relationship betweenlow-level cloud amount (LCA) and various proxies for LCA – estimatedlow-level cloud fraction (ELF), lower tropospheric stability (LTS),and estimated inversion strength (EIS) – by low-level cloud type(CL) over the globe using individual surface and upper-airobservations. Individual CL has its own distinct environmentalstructure, and therefore our extended analysis by CL can provideinsights into the strengths and weaknesses of various proxies and help toimprove them. Overall, ELF performs better than LTS and EIS in diagnosing the variationsin LCA among various CLs, indicating that a previously identifiedsuperior performance of ELF compared to LTS and EIS as a global proxy for LCA comesfrom its realistic correlations with various CLs rather than witha specific CL. However, ELF, LTS, and EIS have a problem indiagnosing the changes in LCA when noCL (no low-level cloud) isreported and also when Cu (cumulus) is reported over deserts wherebackground stratus does not exist. This incorrect diagnosis of noCLas a cloudy condition is more clearly seen in the analysis ofindividual CL frequencies binned by proxy values. If noCL is excluded,ELF, LTS, and EIS have good inter-CL correlations with theamount when present (AWP) of individual CLs. In the future, an advancedELF needs to be formulated to deal with the decrease in LCA when theinversion base height is lower than the lifting condensation level todiagnose cumulus updraft fraction, as well as the amount of stratiformclouds and detrained cumulus, and to parameterize the scale height asa function of appropriate environmental variables.

The relationship between low-level cloud amount and its proxies over the globe by cloud type