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. The measurement of elements in PM 10 was performed with 1 h time resolution at a rural freeway site during summer 2015 in Switzerland using the Xact 1  625 Ambient Metals Monitor. On average the Xact elements (without accounting for oxygen and other associated elements) make up about 20 % of the total PM 10 mass (14.6  µg m−3 ). We conducted source apportionment by positive matrix factorisation (PMF) of theelemental mass measurable by the Xact (i.e. major elements heavier thanAl), defined here as PM 10el . Eight different sources were identified in PM 10el (elemental PM 10 ) mass driven by the sum of 14 elements (notable elements in brackets): Fireworks-I ( K , S , Ba and Cl ), Fireworks-II ( K ), sea salt ( Cl ), secondary sulfate ( S ), background dust ( Si , Ti ), road dust ( Ca ), non-exhaust traffic-related elements ( Fe ) and industrial elements ( Zn and Pb ). The major components were secondary sulfate and non-exhaust traffic-related elements followed by background dust and road dust factors, explaining 21 %, 20 %, 18 % and 16 % of the analysed PM 10 elemental mass, respectively, with the factor mass not corrected for oxygen content. Further, there were minor contributions (on the order of a few percent) of sea salt and industrial sources. The regionally influenced secondary sulfate factor showed negligible resuspension, and concentrations were similar throughout the day. The significant loads of the non-exhaust traffic-related and road dust factors with strong diurnal variations highlight the continuing importance of vehicle-related air pollutants at this site. Enhanced control of PMF implemented via the SourceFinder software (SoFi Pro version 6.2, PSI, Switzerland) allowed for a successful apportionment of transient sources such as the two firework factors and sea salt, which remained mixed when analysed by unconstrained PMF.

Source apportionment of highly time-resolved elements during a firework episode from a rural freeway site in Switzerland