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. Ice particle activation and evolution have important atmospheric implicationsfor cloud formation, initiation of precipitation and radiativeinteractions. The initial formation of atmospheric ice by heterogeneous icenucleation requires the presence of a nucleating seed, an ice-nucleatingparticle (INP), to facilitate its first emergence. Unfortunately, only a fewlong-term measurements of INPs exist, and as a result, knowledge aboutgeographic and seasonal variations of INP concentrations is sparse. Here wepresent data from nearly 2 years of INP measurements from four stations indifferent regions of the world: the Amazon (Brazil), the Caribbean(Martinique), central Europe (Germany) and the Arctic (Svalbard). The sitesfeature diverse geographical climates and ecosystems that are associated withdissimilar transport patterns, aerosol characteristics and levels ofanthropogenic impact (ranging from near pristine to mostlyrural). Interestingly, observed INP concentrations, which representmeasurements in the deposition and condensation freezing modes, do not differgreatly from site to site but usually fall well within the same order ofmagnitude. Moreover, short-term variability overwhelms all long-term trendsand/or seasonality in the INP concentration at all locations. An analysis ofthe frequency distributions of INP concentrations suggests that INPs tend tobe well mixed and reflective of large-scale air mass movements. No universalphysical or chemical parameter could be identified to be a causal link drivingINP climatology, highlighting the complex nature of the ice nucleationprocess. Amazonian INP concentrations were mostly unaffected by the biomassburning season, even though aerosol concentrations increase by a factor of 10from the wet to dry season. Caribbean INPs were positively correlated toparameters related to transported mineral dust, which is known to increaseduring the Northern Hemisphere summer. A wind sector analysis revealed theabsence of an anthropogenic impact on average INP concentrations at the site incentral Europe. Likewise, no Arctic haze influence was observed on INPsat the Arctic site, where low concentrations were generally measured. Weconsider the collected data to be a unique resource for the community thatillustrates some of the challenges and knowledge gaps of the field in general,while specifically highlighting the need for more long-term observations ofINPs worldwide.

Long-term deposition and condensation ice-nucleating particle measurements from four stations across the globe