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. The interactions between aeolian dust and anthropogenic air pollution, notably chemical ageing of mineral dust and coagulation of dust and pollutionparticles, modify the atmospheric aerosol composition and burden. Since theaerosol particles can act as cloud condensation nuclei, this affects the radiative transfer not only directly via aerosol–radiation interactions, but also indirectly through cloud adjustments. We study both radiative effects usingthe global ECHAM/MESSy atmospheric chemistry-climate model (EMAC) whichcombines the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) with the EuropeanCentre/Hamburg (ECHAM) climate model. Our simulations show thatdust–pollution–cloud interactions reduce the condensed water path and hence the reflection of solar radiation. The associated climate warming outweighsthe cooling that the dust–pollution interactions exert through the direct radiative effect. In total, this results in a net warming by dust–pollutioninteractions which moderates the negative global anthropogenic aerosol forcingat the top of the atmosphere by (0.2 ± 0.1) W m−2.

Weaker cooling by aerosols due to dust–pollution interactions