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. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are contaminants of emergingconcern, and studies have concluded that urban areas are a significantsource of OPEs. Samples were collected from six ground-based sites locatedin Chengdu, a typical rapidly developing metropolitan area in SouthwestChina, and were analyzed for seven OPEs in atmospheric PM 2.5 ( Σ7 OPEs). The concentrations of Σ7 OPEs in PM 2.5 ranged from 5.83 to 6.91 ng m −3 , with a mean of 6.6  ±  3.3 ng m −3 , and the primary pollutants were tris-(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), whichtogether made up more than 80 % of the Σ7 OPEs. Theconcentrations of Σ7 OPEs were higher in autumn and winter thanin summer. Nonparametric tests showed that there was no significantdifference in Σ7 OPE concentrations among the six samplingsites, but the occurrence of unexpectedly high levels of individual OPEs atdifferent sites in autumn might indicate noteworthy emissions. A very strongcorrelation ( R2 =  0.98, p  0.01) between the OPEs in soil andin PM 2.5 was observed. Backward trajectory analysis indicated that theOPEs in PM 2.5 were mainly affected by local sources. Principalcomponent analysis (PCA) revealed that the OPEs in PM 2.5 were largelysourced from the plastics industry, interior decoration and traffic emission(34.5 %) and the chemical, mechanical and electrical industries(27.8 %), while the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealedthat the main sources were the plastics industry and indoor source emissions,the food and cosmetics industry and industrial emissions. In contrast tocoastal cities, sustained and stable high local emissions in the studiedinland city were identified, which is particularly noteworthy. Chlorinatedphosphates, especially TCPP and TCEP, had a high content, and their usageand source emissions should be controlled.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Measurement report: Seasonality, distribution and sources of organophosphate esters in PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; from an inland urban city in Southwest China