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. Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mitigation relies strongly on anthropogenic emission control measures, the actual effectiveness of which is challenging to pinpoint owing to the complex synergies between anthropogenic emissions and meteorology. Here, observational constraints on model simulations allow us to derive not only reliable PM2.5 evolution but also accurate meteorological fields. In this study, we isolate meteorological factors to achieve reliable estimates of surface PM2.5 responses to both long-term and emergency emission control measures from 2016 to 2019 over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China. The results show that long-term emission control strategies play a crucial role in curbing PM2.5 levels (> 14 μg/m3, 19 %), especially in the megacities and other areas with abundant anthropogenic emissions. The G20 summit hosted in Hangzhou in 2016 provides a unique and ideal opportunity involving the most stringent, even unsustainable, emergency emission control measures. For the winter time periods from 2016 to 2019, the most substantial declines in PM2.5 concentrations (~ 35 μg/m3, ~ 59 %) are thus achieved in Hangzhou and its surrounding areas. The following hotspots also emerge in megacities, especially in Shanghai (32 μg/m3, 51 %), Nanjing (27 μg/m3, 55 %), and Hefei (24 μg/m3, 44 %). Compared to the long-term policies from 2016 to 2019, the emergency emission control measures implemented during the G20 Summit achieve more significant decreases in PM2.5 concentrations (17 μg/m3 and 41 %) over most of the whole domain, especially in Hangzhou (24 μg/m3, 48 %) and Shanghai (21 μg/m3, 45 %). By extrapolation, we derive insight into the magnitude and spatial distributions of PM2.5 mitigation potentials across the YRD, revealing significantly additional rooms for curbing PM2.5 levels.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Significant wintertime PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; mitigation in the Yangtze River Delta, China, from 2016 to 2019: observational constraints on anthropogenic emission controls