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. Black carbon (BC) is the most important light-absorbing aerosol in the atmosphere. However, sources of atmospheric BC aerosols are largelyuncertain, making it difficult to assess its influence on radiative forcingand climate change. In this study, year-round light-absorption observationswere conducted during 2014 using an aethalometer in Xiamen, a coastal city in Southeast China. Source apportionment of BC was performed and temporalvariations in BC sources were characterized based on both light absorptionmeasurements and a source-oriented air quality model. The annual averageconcentrations of BC from fossil fuel (BCff) and biomass burning(BCbb) by the aethalometer method were 2932 ± 1444 ng m−3 and 1340 ± 542 ng m−3, contributing 66.7 % and 33.3 % tototal BC, respectively. A sensitivity analysis was performed with differentabsorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values of fossil fuel combustion (αff) and biomass burning (αbb), suggesting thatthe aethalometer method was more sensitive to changes in αbb than αff. BCbb contribution exhibited a clear diurnal cycle, with the highest level (37.9 %) in the evening rush hour and a seasonal pattern with the maximum (39.9 %) in winter. Conditional probabilityfunction (CPF) analysis revealed the large biomass-burning contributions were accompanied by east-northeasterly and northerly winds. Backwardtrajectory indicated that air masses from North and East–Central China were associated with larger biomass-burning contributions. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT)suggested that North and East–Central China and Southeast Asia were potential sources of both BCff and BCbb. The source-oriented modeling results showed that transportation, residential and open biomassburning accounting for 45.3 %, 30.1 % and 17.6 % were the major BCsources. Among the three fuel catalogs, liquid fossil fuel (46.5 %) wasthe largest source, followed by biomass burning (32.6 %) and coalcombustion (20.9 %). Source contributions of fossil fuel combustion andbiomass burning identified by the source-oriented model were 67.4 % and32.6 %, respectively, close to those obtained by the aethalometer method. The findings provide solid support for controlling fossil fuel sources to limit the impacts of BC on climate change and environmental degradation inthe relatively clean region in China.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Source apportionment of black carbon aerosols from light absorption observation and source-oriented modeling: an implication in a coastal city in China