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Abstract. Understanding the global distribution of atmospheric black carbon (BC) is essential for unveiling its climatic effect. However, there are still large uncertainties regarding the simulation of BC transport due toinadequate information about the removal process. We accessed the wetremoval rate of BC in East Asia based on long-term measurements overthe 2010–2016 period at three representative background sites(Baengnyeong and Gosan in South Korea and Noto in Japan). The averagewet removal rate, represented by transport efficiency (TE), i.e., thefraction of undeposited BC particles during transport, was estimatedto be 0.73 in East Asia from 2010 to 2016. According to therelationship between accumulated precipitation along trajectory andTE, the wet removal efficiency was lower in East and North China buthigher in South Korea and Japan, implying the importance of the agingprocess and frequency of exposure to below- and in-cloud scavengingconditions during air mass transport. Moreover, the wet scavenging inwinter and summer showed the highest and lowest efficiency,respectively, although the lowest removal efficiency in summer wasprimarily associated with a reduced BC aging process because thein-cloud scavenging condition was dominant. The average half-life ande-folding lifetime of BC were 2.8 and 7.1 d, respectively,which is similar to previous studies, but those values differedaccording to the geographical location and meteorological conditionsof each site. Next, by comparing TE from the FLEXible PARTicle(FLEXPART) Lagrangian transport model (version 10.4), we diagnosed thescavenging coefficients (s−1) of the below- and in-cloudscavenging scheme implemented in FLEXPART. The overall median TE fromFLEXPART (0.91) was overestimated compared to the measured value,implying the underestimation of wet scavenging coefficients in the modelsimulation. The median of the measured below-cloud scavengingcoefficient showed a lower value than that calculated according toFLEXPART scheme by a factor of 1.7. On the other hand, the overallmedian of the calculated in-cloud scavenging coefficients from the FLEXPART scheme was highly underestimated by 1 order of magnitude, compared to the measured value. From an analysis of artificial neuralnetworks, the convective available potential energy, which is wellknown as an indicator of vertical instability, should be considered inthe in-cloud scavenging process to improve the representative regionaldifference in BC wet scavenging over East Asia. For the first time,this study suggests an effective and straightforward evaluationmethod for wet scavenging schemes (both below and in cloud), byintroducing TE along with excluding effects from the inaccurateemission inventories.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Investigation of the wet removal rate of black carbon in East Asia: validation of a below- and in-cloud wet removal scheme in FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model v10.4