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. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) can largely impactregional and global climate. Still, studies on the inter-annual variation inatmospheric BC over the TP and associated variation in BC sources andcontrolling factors are rather limited. In this study, we characterize thevariations in atmospheric BC over the TP surface layer through analysis of20-year (1995–2014) simulations from a global chemical transport model,GEOS-Chem. The results show that surface BC concentrations over the TP varylargely in space and by season, reflecting complicated interplays of BCsources from different origins. Of all areas in the TP, surface BCconcentrations are highest over the eastern and southern TP, where surfaceBC is susceptible to BC transport from East Asia and South Asia,respectively. Applying a backward-trajectory method that combines BCconcentrations from GEOS-Chem and trajectories from the HybridSingle-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, we assessthe contributions of worldwide source regions to surface BC in the TP. Weestimate that on the 20-year average, 77 % of surface BC in the TP comes fromSouth Asia (43 %) and East Asia (35 %). Regarding seasonal variation innon-local influences, South Asia and East Asia are dominant source regions inwinter and summer, respectively, in terms of the amount of BC imported.However, in terms of affected areas in the TP, South Asia is the dominantcontributor throughout the year. Inter-annually, surface BC over the TP islargely modulated by atmospheric transport of BC from non-local regionsyear-round and by biomass burning in South Asia, mostly in spring. We findthat the extremely strong biomass burning in South Asia in the spring of1999 greatly enhanced surface BC concentrations in the TP (31 % relativeto the climatology). We find that the strength of the Asian monsooncorrelates significantly with the inter-annual variation in the amount of BCtransported to the TP from non-local regions. In summer, a stronger EastAsian summer monsoon and a stronger South Asian summer monsoon tend to, respectively,lead to more BC transport from central China and north-eastern South Asia tothe TP. In winter, BC transport from central China is enhanced in years witha strong East Asian winter monsoon or a strong Siberian High. A stronger SiberianHigh can also bring more BC from northern South Asia to the TP. This studyunderscores the impacts of atmospheric transport and biomass burning on theinter-annual variation in surface BC over the TP. It reveals a closeconnection between the Asian monsoon and atmospheric transport of BC fromnon-local regions to the TP.

Impacts of atmospheric transport and biomass burning on the inter-annual variation in black carbon aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau