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. The heterogeneous nucleation of water vapor on insoluble particles affects cloud formation, precipitation, the hydrological cycle, andclimate. Despite its importance, heterogeneous nucleation remains a poorlyunderstood phenomenon that relies heavily on empirical information for itsquantitative description. Here, we examine the heterogeneous nucleation of watervapor on different types of soots as well as cloud drop activation of different types of soots, including both pureblack carbon particles and black carbon particles mixed with secondaryorganic matter. We show that the recently developed adsorption nucleationtheory quantitatively predicts the nucleation of water and droplet formationupon particles of the various soot types. A surprising consequence of thisnew understanding is that, with sufficient adsorption site density, sootparticles can activate into cloud droplets – even when completely lackingany soluble material.

Heterogeneous nucleation of water vapor on different types of black carbon particles