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. Agriculture is the main source of ammonia (NH3) in France, an important gaseous precursor of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). Nationaland global emission inventories are known to have difficulty representing the large spatial and temporal variability inherent toatmospheric NH3. In this study, we compare NH3 emissions in France during spring 2011 from one reference inventory, the TNOinventory, and two alternative inventories that account in different manners for both the spatial and temporal variabilities of the emissions:(i) the NH3SAT satellite-derived inventory based on IASI NH3 columns and (ii) the CADASTRE-CIT inventory that combinesNH3 emissions due to nitrogen fertilization calculated with the mechanistic model VOLT'AIR on the database of the CADASTRE_NH3framework and other source emissions from the CITEPA. The total spring budgets, from March to May 2011, at the national level are higher whencalculated with both alternative inventories than with the reference, the difference being more marked with CADASTRE-CIT. NH3SAT andCADASTRE-CIT inventories both yield to large NH3 spring emissions due to fertilization on soils with high pH in the northeastern part ofFrance (65 and 135 kt NH3, respectively, vs. 48 kt NH3 for TNO-GEN), while soil properties are not accounted for by theTNO-GEN methodology. For the other parts of France, the differences are smaller. The timing of fertilization and associated ammonia emissions isclosely related to the nitrogen requirements and hence the phenological stage of the crops, and therefore to the crop year's specific weatherconditions. Maximum emissions are observed in March for 2011 for some regions for both alternative inventories, while April is the period withmaximum emissions for the reference inventory regardless of the region or the year. Comparing the inventories at finer temporal resolutions, typically atdaily scale, large differences are found. The convergence of alternative, independent and complementary methods on the spatiotemporal representationof the spring NH3 emissions, particularly over areas where the contribution of mineral fertilizer spreading to the spring budget is strong,encourages further developments in both prospective complementary directions, as this will help improve national NH3 emission inventories.

Do alternative inventories converge on the spatiotemporal representation of spring ammonia emissions in France?