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. We conducted continuous measurements of nanoparticles downto 3 nm size in the Arctic at Mount Zeppelin, Ny Ålesund, Svalbard, fromOctober 2016 to December 2018, providing a size distribution of nanoparticles (3–60 nm). A significant number of nanoparticles as small as 3 nm were oftenobserved during new particle formation (NPF), particularly in summer,suggesting that these were likely produced near the site rather than beingtransported from other regions after growth. The average NPF frequency peryear was 23 %, having the highest percentage in August (63 %). Theaverage formation rate (J) and growth rate (GR) for 3–7 nm particles were0.04 cm−3 s−1 and 2.07 nm h−1, respectively. Although NPFfrequency in the Arctic was comparable to that in continental areas, the Jand GR were much lower. The number of nanoparticles increased morefrequently when air mass originated over the south and southwest oceanregions; this pattern overlapped with regions having strongchlorophyll a concentration and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) productioncapacity (southwest ocean) and was also associated with increased NH3and H2SO4 concentration, suggesting that marine biogenic sourceswere responsible for gaseous precursors to NPF. Our results show thatpreviously developed NPF occurrence criteria (low loss rate and high clustergrowth rate favor NPF) are also applicable to NPF in the Arctic.

Atmospheric new particle formation characteristics in the Arctic as measured at Mount Zeppelin, Svalbard, from 2016 to 2018