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. The joint effects of aerosol, thermodynamic, and cloud-related factors on cloud-to-groundlightning in Sichuan were investigated by a comprehensive analysis of ground-based measurements madefrom 2005 to 2017 in combination with reanalysis data. Data include aerosol optical depth,cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning density, convective available potential energy (CAPE), mid-levelrelative humidity, lower- to mid-tropospheric vertical wind shear, cloud-base height, total columnliquid water (TCLW), and total column ice water (TCIW). Results show that CG lightning density andaerosols are positively correlated in the plateau region and negatively correlated in the basinregion. Sulfate aerosols are found to be more strongly associated with lightning than totalaerosols, so this study focuses on the role of sulfate aerosols in lightning activity. In theplateau region, the lower aerosol concentration stimulates lightning activity throughmicrophysical effects. Increasing the aerosol loading decreases the cloud droplet size, reducing thecloud droplet collision–coalescence efficiency and inhibiting the warm-rain process. More smallcloud droplets are transported above the freezing level to participate in the freezing process,forming more ice particles and releasing more latent heat during the freezing process. Thus, anincrease in the aerosol loading increases CAPE, TCLW, and TCIW, stimulating CG lightning in theplateau region. In the basin region, by contrast, the higher concentration of aerosols inhibitslightning activity through the radiative effect. An increase in the aerosol loading reduces the amountof solar radiation reaching the ground, thereby lowering the CAPE. The intensity of convectiondecreases, resulting in less supercooled water being transported to the freezing level and fewer iceparticles forming, thereby increasing the total liquid water content. Thus, an increase in theaerosol loading suppresses the intensity of convective activity and CG lightning in the basinregion.

Distinct aerosol effects on cloud-to-ground lightning in the plateau and basin regions of Sichuan, Southwest China