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. This study investigates the chemical composition ofPM 2.5 collected at a central location in Beijing, China, during winter2016 and summer 2017. The samples were characterised using direct-infusionnegative-nano-electrospray-ionisation ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometryto elucidate the composition and the potential primary and secondary sourcesof the organic fraction. The samples from the two seasons were compared withthose from a road-tunnel site and an urban background site in Birmingham,UK, analysed in the course of an earlier study using the same method. Therewere strong differences in aerosol particle composition between the seasons,particularly regarding (poly-)aromatic compounds, which were stronglyenhanced in winter, likely due to increased fossil fuel and biomass burningfor heating. In addition to the seasonal differences, compositionaldifferences between high- and low-pollution conditions were observed, withthe contribution of sulfur-containing organic compounds strongly enhancedunder high-pollution conditions. There was a correlation of the number ofsulfur-containing molecular formulae with the concentration of particulatesulfate, consistent with a particle-phase formation process.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Differences in the composition of organic aerosols between winter and summer in Beijing: a study by direct-infusion ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry