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. Secondary aerosols are a major component of PM2.5, yet their formationmechanisms in the ambient atmosphere are still unclear. Based on fieldmeasurements in downtown Beijing, we show that the photolysis of nitrousacid (HONO) may promote the formation of organic and nitrate aerosols inwinter in Beijing, which is supported by the fact that the massconcentrations of organic and nitrate aerosols linearly increase as afunction of HONO consumed from early morning to noon. The increased nitratecontent also leads to the formation of ammonium particulate matter throughenhancing the neutralization of nitrate and sulfate by ammonia. We furtherillustrate that during pollution events in winter in Beijing, over 50 %of the ambient HONO may be related to traffic-related emissions, includingdirect emissions and formation via the reaction between OH andvehicle-emitted NO. Overall, our results indicate that traffic-related HONOmay play an important role in the oxidative capacity and in turn contributeto haze formation in winter in Beijing. The mitigation of HONO and NOxemissions from vehicles may be an effective way to reduce the formation ofsecondary aerosols and severe haze events in winter in Beijing.

The promotion effect of nitrous acid on aerosol formation in wintertime in Beijing: the possible contribution of traffic-related emissions