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. A severe reduction of greenhouse gas emissions isnecessary to reach the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The implementationand continuous evaluation of mitigation measures requires regularindependent information on emissions of the two main anthropogenicgreenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Our aimis to employ an observation-based method to determine regional-scalegreenhouse gas emission estimates with high accuracy. We use aircraft- andground-based in situ observations of CH4, CO2, carbon monoxide(CO), and wind speed from two research flights over the Upper Silesian CoalBasin (USCB), Poland, in summer 2018. The flights were performed as a partof the Carbon Dioxide and Methane (CoMet) mission above this EuropeanCH4 emission hot-spot region. A kriging algorithm interpolates theobserved concentrations between the downwind transects of the trace gasplume, and then the mass flux through this plane is calculated. Finally,statistic and systematic uncertainties are calculated from measurementuncertainties and through several sensitivity tests, respectively. For the two selected flights, the in-situ-derived annual CH4 emissionestimates are 13.8±4.3 and 15.1±4.0 kg s−1, which arewell within the range of emission inventories. The regional emissionestimates of CO2, which were determined to be 1.21±0.75 and1.12±0.38 t s−1, are in the lower range of emission inventories. COmass balance emissions of 10.1±3.6 and 10.7±4.4 kg s−1for the USCB are slightly higher than the emission inventory values. TheCH4 emission estimate has a relative error of 26 %–31 %, theCO2 estimate of 37 %–62 %, and the CO estimate of 36 %–41 %. Theseerrors mainly result from the uncertainty of atmospheric background molefractions and the changing planetary boundary layer height during themorning flight. In the case of CO2, biospheric fluxes also add to theuncertainty and hamper the assessment of emission inventories. Theseemission estimates characterize the USCB and help to verify emissioninventories and develop climate mitigation strategies.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Estimating CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and CO emissions from coal mining and industrial activities in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin using an aircraft-based mass balance approach