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. The South China Sea (SCS) is a receptor of numerousnatural and anthropogenic aerosol species from throughout greater Asia. Acombination of several developing countries, archipelagic and peninsularterrain, a strong Asian monsoon climate, and a host of multi-scalemeteorological phenomena make the SCS one of the most complexaerosol–meteorological systems in the world. However, aside from thewell-known biomass burning emissions from Indonesia and Borneo, the currentunderstanding of aerosol sources is limited, especially in remote marineenvironments. In September 2011, a 2-week research cruise was conducted near Palawan, Philippines, to sample the remote SCS environment.Size-segregated aerosol data were collected using a Davis Rotating Uniformsize-cut Monitor (DRUM) sampler and analyzed for concentrations of 28 elementsmeasured via X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Positive matrix factorization (PMF)was performed separately on the coarse, fine, and ultrafine size ranges todetermine possible sources and their contributions to the total elementalparticulate matter mass. The PMF analysis resolved six sources across thethree size ranges: biomass burning, oil combustion, soil dust, acrustal–marine mixed source, sea spray, and fly ash. Additionally, sizedistribution plots, time series plots, back trajectories and satellite datawere used in interpreting factors. The multi-technique source apportionmentrevealed the presence of biogenic sources such as soil dust, sea spray, and a crustal–marine mixed source. Anthropogenic sources were also identified: biomass burning, oil combustion, and fly ash. Mass size distributions showed elevated aerosol concentrations towards the end of the sampling period, which coincided with a shift of air mass back trajectories to southern Kalimantan. Covariance between coarse-mode soil dust and fine-mode biomass burning aerosols were observed. Agreement between the PMF and the linear regression analyses indicates that the PMF solution is robust. While biomass burning is indeed a key source of aerosol, this study shows the presence of other important sources in the SCS. Identifying these sources is not only key for characterizing the chemical profile of the SCS but, by improving our picture of aerosol sources in the region, also a step forward in developing our understanding of aerosol–meteorology feedbacks in this complex environment.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Investigating size-segregated sources of elemental composition of particulate matter in the South China Sea during the 2011 &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Vasco&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; cruise