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. The significance of planetary boundary layer (PBL) height detection isapparent in various fields, especially in air pollution dispersionassessments. Numerical weather models produce a high spatial and temporalresolution of PBL heights; however, their performance requires validation.This necessity is addressed here by an array of eight ceilometers; a radiosonde;and two models – the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) global model and COnsortiumfor Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO) regional model. The ceilometerswere analyzed with the wavelet covariance transform method, and the radiosondeand models with the parcel method and the bulk Richardson method. Goodagreement for PBL height was found between the ceilometer and the adjacentBet Dagan radiosonde (33 m a.s.l.) at 11:00 UTC launching time (N=91 d,ME =4 m, RMSE =143 m, R=0.83). The models' estimations were thencompared to the ceilometers' results in an additional five diverse regionswhere only ceilometers operate. A correction tool was established based onthe altitude (h) and distance from shoreline (d) of eight ceilometer sitesin various climate regions, from the shoreline of Tel Aviv (h=5 m a.s.l., d=0.05 km) to eastern elevated Jerusalem (h=830 m a.s.l., d=53 km) and southern arid Hazerim (h=200 m a.s.l., d=44 km). The toolexamined the COSMO PBL height approximations based on the parcel method.Results from a 14 August 2015 case study, between 09:00 and 14:00 UTC, showed the tooldecreased the PBL height at the shoreline and in the inner strip of Israel by∼100 m and increased the elevated sites of Jerusalem and Hazerim up to∼400 m, and ∼600 m, respectively.Cross-validation revealed good results without Bet Dagan. However, withoutmeasurements from Jerusalem, the tool underestimated Jerusalem's PBL height byup to ∼600 m.

Ceilometers as planetary boundary layer height detectors and a corrective tool for COSMO and IFS models