English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

. The Amazon basin is important for understanding theglobal climate because of its carbon cycle and as a laboratory forobtaining basic knowledge of the continental background atmosphere. Aerosolparticles play an important role in the climate and weather, and knowledgeof their compositions and mixing states is necessary to understand theirinfluence on the climate. For this study, we collected aerosol particlesfrom the Amazon basin during the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)campaign (February to March 2014) at the T3 site, which is located about 70 kmfrom Manaus, and analyzed them using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEMhas better spatial resolution than other instruments, which enables us toanalyze the occurrences of components that attach to or are embedded withinother particles. Based on the TEM results of more than 10 000 particles fromseveral transport events, this study shows the occurrences of individualparticles including compositions, size distributions, number fractions, andpossible sources of materials that mix with other particles. Aerosolparticles during the wet season were from both natural sources such as theAmazon forest, Saharan desert, Atlantic Ocean, and African biomass burningand anthropogenic sources such as Manaus and local emissions. Theseparticles mix together at an individual particle scale. The number fractionsof mineral dust and sea-salt particles increased almost 3-fold whenlong-range transport (LRT) from the African continent occurred. Nearly20 % of mineral dust and primary biological aerosol particles had attached seasalts on their surfaces. Sulfates were also internally mixed with sea-saltand mineral dust particles. The TEM element mapping images showed thatseveral components with sizes of hundreds of nanometers from differentsources commonly occur within individual LRT aerosol particles. We concludethat many aerosol particles from natural sources change their compositionsby mixing during transport. The compositions and mixing states of theseparticles after emission result in changes in their hygroscopic and opticalproperties and should be considered when assessing their effects on climate.

Mixing states of Amazon basin aerosol particles transported over long distances using transmission electron microscopy