English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

. Ship emissions constitute a large,and so far poorly regulated,source of air pollution. Emissions are mainly clustered alongmajor ship routes both in open seas and close to denselypopulated shorelines. Major air pollutants emitted include sulfurdioxide, NOx, and primary particles. Sulfur andNOx are both major contributors to the formationof secondary fine particles (PM2.5) and toacidification and eutrophication. In addition, NOx is amajor precursor for ground-level ozone.In this paper, we quantify the contributions from international shippingto European air pollution levels and depositions. This study is based on global and regional model calculations. Themodel runs are made with meteorology and emission datarepresentative of the year 2017 after the tightening of theSECA (sulfur emission control area) regulations in 2015 butbefore the global sulfur cap that came into force in 2020.The ship emissions have been derived using ship positioning data.We have alsomade model runs reducing sulfur emissions by 80 % correspondingto the 2020 requirements. This study is based on modelsensitivity studies perturbing emissions from differentsea areas: the northern European SECA in the North Seaand the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, the AtlanticOcean close to Europe, shipping in the rest of the world, andfinally all global ship emissions together. Sensitivity studieshave also been made setting lower bounds on the effects of ship plumeson ozone formation. Both global- and regional-scale calculations show that forPM2.5 and depositions of oxidised nitrogen andsulfur, the effects of ship emissions are much larger when emissions occurclose to the shore than at open seas. In many coastal countries,calculations show that shipping is responsible for 10 % or more of thecontrollable PM2.5 concentrations and depositions of oxidisednitrogen and sulfur. With few exceptions, the results from the global andregionalcalculations are similar.Our calculations show that substantial reductionsin the contributions from ship emissions to PM2.5 concentrationsand to depositions of sulfur can be expected in European coastal regionsas a result of the implementation of a 0.5 % worldwide limit of thesulfurcontent in marine fuels from 2020. For countries bordering theNorth Sea and Baltic Sea SECA, low sulfur emissions havealready resulted in marked reductions in PM2.5 from shippingbefore 2020. For ozone, the lifetime in the atmosphere is muchlonger than for PM2.5, and the potential for ozone formationis much larger in otherwise pristine environments. We calculateconsiderablecontributions from open sea shipping. As a result, we find thatthe largest contributions to ozone in several regions and countriesin Europe are from sea areas well outside European waters.

Effects of global ship emissions on European air pollution levels