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. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are widely used as cooling agents in refrigeration and air conditioning, as solvents in industrial processes, as fire-extinguishing agents, for foam blowing, and as aerosol propellants. They have been used in large quantities as the primary substitutes forozone-depleting substances regulated under the Montreal Protocol. However, many HFCs are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) and as such subject toglobal phase-down under the Kigali Amendment (KA) to the Montreal Protocol. In this study, we develop a range of long-term scenarios for HFCemissions under varying degrees of stringency in climate policy and assess co-benefits in the form of electricity savings and associated reductionsin GHG and air pollutant emissions. Due to technical opportunities to improve energy efficiency in cooling technologies, there exist potentials forsignificant electricity savings under a well-managed phase-down of HFCs. Our results reveal that the opportunity to simultaneously improve energyefficiency in stationary cooling technologies could bring additional climate benefits of about the same magnitude as that attributed to the HFCsphase-down. If technical energy efficiency improvements are fully implemented, the resulting electricity savings could exceed 20 % of futureglobal electricity consumption, while the corresponding figure for economic energy efficiency improvements would be about 15 %. The combinedeffect of HFC phase-down, energy efficiency improvement of the stationary cooling technologies, and future changes in the electricity generation fuelmix would prevent between 411 and 631 Pg CO2 equivalent of GHG emissions between 2018 and 2100, thereby making a significantcontribution towards keeping the global temperature rise below 2 ∘C. Reduced electricity consumption also means lower air pollutionemissions in the power sector, estimated at about 5 %–10 % for sulfur dioxide (SO2), 8 %–16 % for nitrogen oxides(NOx), and 4 %–9 % for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions compared with a pre-Kigali baseline.

Electricity savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions from global phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons