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. Mercury (Hg) is a global toxic pollutant that can be released into theatmosphere through anthropogenic and natural sources. The uncertainties inthe estimated emission amounts are much larger from natural thananthropogenic sources. A method was developed in the present study toquantify the contributions of natural surface mercury emissions to ambientgaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations through application ofpositive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis with temperature and NH3as indicators of GEM emissions from natural surfaces. GEM concentrationswere continuously monitored at a 2-hourly resolution at a regionalbackground site in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China during2015–2018. Annual average GEM concentrations were in the range of 2.03–3.01 ng m−3, with a strong decreasing trend at a rate of -0.32±0.07 ng m−3 yr−1 from 2015 to 2018, which was mostly caused by reducedanthropogenic emissions since 2013. The estimated contributions from naturalsurface emissions of mercury to the ambient GEM concentrations were in therange of 1.00–1.13 ng m−3 on annual average, with insignificantinterannual changes, but the relative contribution increased significantlyfrom 41 % in 2015 to 57 % in 2018, gradually surpassing those fromanthropogenic sources.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Assessing contributions of natural surface and anthropogenic emissions to atmospheric mercury in a fast-developing region of eastern China from 2015 to 2018