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. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in China has attracted public attention in recent years due to theincreasing anthropogenic emission of reactive nitrogen ( Nr ) and its impacts on theterrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, limited long-term and multisite measurements haverestrained the understanding of the mechanism of the Nr deposition and thechemical transport model (CTM) improvement. In this study, the performance of the simulated wetand dry deposition for different Nr species, i.e., particulate NO 3 - and NH 4 + , gaseous NOx , HNO3 and NH3 have beenconducted using the framework of Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) phase III. A total of ninemodels, including five Weather Research and Forecasting models coupled with the Community MultiscaleAir Quality (WRF-CMAQ) models, two self-developed regional models, a global model and a Regional Atmospheric Modeling System coupled with the Community MultiscaleAir Quality (RAMS-CMAQ) model have been selected for the comparison. For wet deposition, observation data from 83 measurement sites from the East Asia Acid Deposition Monitoring Network (EANET), Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), China Agricultural University Deposition Network (CAUDN), National Acid Deposition Monitoring Network (NADMN) and Department ofEcological Environment (DEE) of China have been collected andnormalized for comparison with model results. In general, most models show the consistent spatial andtemporal variation of both oxidized N ( Nox ) and reduced N ( Nrd ) wetdeposition in China, with the normalized mean error (NME) at around 50 %, which is lower than the value of 70 %based on EANET observation over Asia. Both the ratio of wet or dry deposition to the totalinorganic N (TIN) deposition and the ratios of TIN to their emissions have shown consistentresults with the Nationwide Nitrogen DepositionMonitoring Network (NNDMN) estimates. The performance of ensemble results (ENMs) was further assessedwith satellite measurements. In different regions of China, the results show that the simulated Nox wet deposition was overestimated in northeastern China (NE) but underestimated in thesouth of China, namely southeastern (SE) and southwestern (SW) China, while the Nrd wet deposition was underestimated in allregions by all models. The deposition of Nox has larger uncertainties than the Nrd , especially in northern China (NC), indicating the chemical reaction process is one ofthe most important factors affecting the model performance. Compared to the critical load (CL) value,the Nr deposition in NC, SE and SW reached or exceeded reported CL values and resultedin serious ecological impacts. The control of Nrd in NC and SW and Nox in SEwould be an effective mitigation measure for TIN deposition in these regions. The Nr deposition inthe Tibetan Plateau (TP) with a high ratio of TIN  ∕  emission ( ∼3.0 ), indicates a significanttransmission from outside. Efforts to reduce these transmissions ought to be paramount duethe climatic importance of the Tibetan region to the sensitive ecosystems throughout China.

Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) phase III: multimodel comparison of reactive nitrogen deposition over China