English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

. Source sensitivity and source apportionment are two major indicators representing source–receptor relationships, which serve as essentialinformation when considering effective strategies to accomplish improved air quality. This study evaluated source sensitivities and apportionmentsof ambient ozone and PM2.5 concentrations over Japan with multiple numerical techniques embedded in regional chemical transport models,including a brute-force method (BFM), a high-order decoupled direct method (HDDM), and an integrated source apportionment method (ISAM), to updatethe source–receptor relationships considering stringent emission controls recently implemented in Japan and surrounding countries. We alsoattempted to understand the differences among source sensitivities and source apportionments calculated by multiple techniques. While a part ofozone concentrations was apportioned to domestic sources, their sensitivities were small or even negative; ozone concentrations were exclusivelysensitive to transport from outside Japan. Although the simulated PM2.5 concentrations were significantly lower than those reported by previousstudies, their sensitivity to transport from outside Japan was still relatively large, implying that there has been a reduction in Japaneseemissions, similar to surrounding countries including China, due to implementation of stringent emission controls. HDDM allowed us to understand theimportance of the non-linear responses of PM2.5 concentrations to precursor emissions. Apportionments derived by ISAM were useful indistinguishing various direct and indirect influences on ozone and PM2.5 concentrations by combining with sensitivities. The results indicatethat ozone transported from outside Japan plays a key role in exerting various indirect influences on the formation of ozone and secondaryPM2.5 components. While the sensitivities come closer to the apportionments when perturbations in emissions are larger in highly non-linearrelationships – including those between NH3 emissions and NH4+ concentrations, NOx emissions andNO3- concentrations, and NOx emissions and ozone concentrations – the sensitivities did not reach theapportionments because there were various indirect influences including other sectors, complex photochemical reactions, and gas–aerosolpartitioning. It is essential to consider non-linear influences to derive strategies for effectively suppressing concentrations of secondarypollutants.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Comprehensive analyses of source sensitivities and apportionments of PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and ozone over Japan via multiple numerical techniques