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. Convective transport plays a key role in aerosol enhancement in the uppertroposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) over the Asian monsoon regionwhere low-level convective instability persists throughout the year. We usethe state-of-the-art ECHAM6–HAMMOZ global chemistry–climate model toinvestigate the seasonal transport of anthropogenic Asian sulfate aerosolsand their impact on the UTLS. Sensitivity simulations for SO2 emissionperturbation over India (48 % increase) and China (70 % decrease) areperformed based on the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite-observedtrend, rising over India by ∼4.8  % per year and decreasingover China by ∼7.0  % per year during 2006–2017. Theenhanced Indian emissions result in an increase in aerosol optical depth(AOD) loading in the UTLS by 0.61 to 4.17 % over India. These aerosolsare transported to the Arctic during all seasons by the lower branch of theBrewer–Dobson circulation enhancing AOD by 0.017 % to 4.8 %.Interestingly, a reduction in SO2 emission over China inhibits thetransport of Indian sulfate aerosols to the Arctic in summer-monsoon andpost-monsoon seasons due to subsidence over northern India. The region ofsulfate aerosol enhancement shows significant warming in the UTLS over northern India, south China ( 0.2±0.15 to 0.8±0.72  K) and the Arctic( ∼ 1 ± 0.62 to 1.6±1.07  K). The estimated seasonalmean direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) induced bythe increase in Indian SO2 emission is − 0.2 to − 1.5 W m −2 over northern India. The Chinese SO2 emission reductionleads to a positive radiative forcing of ∼0.6 to 6 W m −2 over China. The decrease in vertical velocity andthe associated enhanced stability of the upper troposphere in response toincreased Indian SO2 emissions will likely decrease rainfall overIndia.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

The impact of recent changes in Asian anthropogenic emissions of SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; on sulfate loading in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and the associated radiative changes