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. The mass flux of air lifted within the updraughts (updraft in American English) of shallowconvection is usually thought to be compensated outside the cloud througheither large-scale subsidence or stronger downdraughts in a thin shellsurrounding the cloud. Subsiding shells were postulated based on large eddysimulation and are experimentally tested in this study for shallow convectionover land. Isolated cumulus clouds were probed with a small research aircraftover flat land and mountainous terrain, in different wind situations and atdifferent levels of the clouds. The average of the 191 cloud transects showsthe subsiding shell as a narrow downdraught region outside the cloudboundaries. The ensemble-mean subsiding shell is narrower on the upwind sideof the cloud, while it is at least half a cloud diameter wide and more humidon the downwind side. At least half of the upward mass transport in the cloudis compensated within a distance of 20  % of the cloud diameter.However, this shell is not uniform. Distinct regions of downdraughts andupdraughts with high variability in the vertical wind are frequent and randomlydistributed in the vicinity and also within the cloud. The median diameter ofthe draughts directly at the cloud boundary is at least 4 times as large asinside the clouds and in the environment. Downdraughts at the cloud boundaryare twice as frequent as updraughts. In contrast to the updraughts the major partof the downdraughts is situated outside of the cloud. The subsiding shellresults from the distribution of these up- and downdraughts.

Subsiding shells and the distribution of up- and downdraughts in warm cumulus clouds over land