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. Time series of the atmospheric O2∕N2 ratio and CO2 molefraction of flask samples obtained from the National Institute for Environmental Studies' (NIES's) flask sampling network arepresented. The network includes two ground sites, Hateruma island (HAT;24.05 ∘  N, 123.81 ∘  E) and Cape Ochiishi (COI; 43.17 ∘  N,145.50 ∘  E), and cargo ships regularly sailing in the westernPacific. Based on temporal changes in fossil-fuel-derived CO2 emissions, global atmospheric CO2 burden and atmospheric potentialoxygen (APO), which were calculated from the observed O2∕N2 ratioand CO2 mole fraction according to APO  = O2 + 1.1 × CO 2 , we estimated the global carbon sinks of the ocean and landbiosphere for a period of more than 15 years. In this carbon budgetcalculation, we adopted a correction for the time-varying ocean O2 outgassing effect with an average of 0.54 PgC yr −1 for 2000–2016. Theoutgassing effect, attributed mainly to global ocean warming, was evaluatedunder the assumption that the net ocean gas flux is proportional to thechange in the ocean heat content for the 0–2000 m layer. The resultingoceanic and land biotic carbon sinks were 2.6±0.7 and 1.5±0.9  PgC yr −1 , respectively, for a 17-year period(2000–2016) and 2.4±0.7 and 1.9±0.9  PgC yr −1 , respectively, for a 14-year period (2003–2016). Despite theindependent approaches, the sink values of this study agreed with thoseestimated by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) within a difference of about ±0.4  PgC yr −1 . We examined the carbon sinks for an interval of5 years to assess the temporal trends. The pentad (5-year) ocean sinksshowed an increasing trend at a rate of 0.08±0.02  PgC yr −2 during 2001–2014, while the pentad land sinks showed an increasing trend ata rate of 0.23±0.04  PgC yr −2 for 2001–2009 and a decreasingtrend at a rate of - 0.22 ± 0.04  PgC yr −2 during 2009–2014.Although there is good agreement in the trends of the pentad sinks betweenthis study and that of GCP, the increasing rate of the pentad ocean sinks ofthis study was about 2 times larger than that of GCP.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Global carbon budgets estimated from atmospheric O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;∕N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; observations in the western Pacific region over a 15-year period