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. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) areimportant ozone and secondary organic aerosol precursors and play importantroles in tropospheric chemistry. In this work, we estimated the total andspeciated NMVOC emissions from China's anthropogenic sources during1990–2017 by using a bottom-up emission inventory framework andinvestigated the main drivers behind the trends. We found that anthropogenicNMVOC emissions in China have been increasing continuously since 1990 due tothe dramatic growth in activity rates and absence of effective controlmeasures. We estimated that anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in China increasedfrom 9.76 Tg in 1990 to 28.5 Tg in 2017, mainly driven by the persistentgrowth from the industry sector and solvent use. Meanwhile, emissionsfrom the residential and transportation sectors declined after 2005, partlyoffsetting the total emission increase. During 1990–2017, mass-basedemissions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs)and other species increased by 274 %, 88 %, 4 %, 387 %, 91 % and231 %, respectively. Following the growth in total NMVOC emissions, thecorresponding ozone formation potential (OFP) increased from 38.2 Tg of O3in 1990 to 99.7 Tg of O3 in 2017. We estimated that aromatics accountedfor the largest share (43 %) of the total OFP, followed by alkenes(37 %) and OVOCs (10 %). Growth in China's NMVOC emissions was mainlydriven by the transportation sector before 2000, while industry and solventuse dominated the emission growth during 2000–2010. Since 2010, althoughemissions from the industry sector and solvent use kept growing, strictcontrol measures on transportation and fuel transition in residential stoveshave successfully slowed down the increasing trend, especially after theimplementation of China's clean air action since 2013. However, compared tolarge emission decreases in other major air pollutants in China (e.g.,SO2, NOx and primary PM) during 2013–2017, the relatively flattrend in NMVOC emissions and OFP revealed the absence of effective controlmeasures, which might have contributed to the increase in ozone during thesame period. Given their high contributions to emissions and OFP, tailoredcontrol measures for solvent use and industrial sources should be developed,and multi-pollutant control strategies should be designed to mitigate bothPM2.5 and ozone pollution simultaneously.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Persistent growth of anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions in China during 1990–2017: drivers, speciation and ozone formation potential