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. The Amazon rain forest experiences the combined pressures from human-madedeforestation and progressing climate change, causing severe and potentiallydisruptive perturbations of the ecosystem's integrity and stability. Tointensify research on critical aspects of Amazonian biosphere–atmosphereexchange, the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) has been established inthe central Amazon Basin. Here we present a multi-year analysis of backwardtrajectories to derive an effective footprint region of the observatory,which spans large parts of the particularly vulnerable eastern basin.Further, we characterize geospatial properties of the footprint regions,such as climatic conditions, distribution of ecoregions, land covercategories, deforestation dynamics, agricultural expansion, fire regimes,infrastructural development, protected areas, and futuredeforestation scenarios. This study is meant to be a resource and referencework, helping to embed the ATTO observations into the larger context ofhuman-caused transformations of Amazonia. We conclude that the chances toobserve an unperturbed rain forest–atmosphere exchange at the ATTO site will likely decreasein the future, whereas the atmospheric signals from human-made and climate-change-related forest perturbations will increase in frequency andintensity.

Land cover and its transformation in the backward trajectory footprint region of the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory