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. Dicarboxylic acids likely participate in the formation ofpre-nucleation clusters to facilitate new particle formation in theatmosphere, but the detailed mechanism leading to the formation ofmulticomponent critical nuclei involving organic acids, sulfuric acid (SA),base species, and water remains unclear. In this study, theoreticalcalculations are performed to elucidate the interactions between succinicacid (SUA) and clusters consisting of SA-ammonia (AM) ∕ dimethylamine (DMA)in the presence of hydration of up to six water molecules. Formation of thehydrated SUA⚫SA⚫ base clusters is energetically favorable,triggering proton transfer from SA to the base molecule to form new covalentbonds or strengthening the preexisting covalent bonds. The presence of SUApromotes hydration of the SA⚫AM and SA⚫AM⚫DMAclusters but dehydration of the SA⚫DMA clusters. At equilibrium,SUA competes with the second SA molecule for addition to the SA⚫base clusters at atmospherically relevant concentrations. The clusterscontaining both the base and organic acid are capable of further binding withacid molecules to promote subsequent growth. Our results indicate that themulticomponent nucleation involving organic acids, sulfuric acid, and basespecies promotes new particle formation in the atmosphere, particularly underpolluted conditions with a high concentration of diverse organic acids.

Interaction between succinic acid and sulfuric acid–base clusters