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. This study examines the uncertainties on air quality modeling associated withthe integration of wildfire emissions in chemistry-transport models (CTMs).To do so, aerosol concentrations during the summer of 2007, which was markedby severe fire episodes in the Euro-Mediterranean region especially in theBalkans (20–31 July, 24–30 August 2007) and Greece (24–30 August 2007),are analyzed. Through comparisons to observations from surface networks andsatellite remote sensing, we evaluate the abilities of two CTMs,Polyphemus/Polair3D and CHIMERE, to simulate the impact of fires on theregional particulate matter (PM) concentrations and optical properties.During the two main fire events, fire emissions may contribute up to 90 %of surface PM2.5 concentrations in the fire regions (Balkans andGreece), with a significant regional impact associated with long-rangetransport. Good general performances of the models and a clear improvement ofPM2.5 and aerosol optical depth (AOD) are shown when fires are takeninto account in the models with high correlation coefficients. Two sources of uncertainties are specifically analyzed in terms of surface PM2.5 concentrations and AOD usingsensitivity simulations: secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation fromintermediate and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/S-VOCs) and emissions'injection heights. The analysis highlights that surface PM2.5concentrations are highly sensitive to injection heights (with a sensitivitythat can be as high as 50 % compared to the sensitivity to I/S-VOCemissions which is lower than 30 %). However, AOD which is verticallyintegrated is less sensitive to the injection heights (mostly below 20 %)but highly sensitive to I/S-VOC emissions (with sensitivity that can be ashigh as 40 %). The maximum statistical dispersion, which quantifiesuncertainties related to fire emission modeling, is up to 75 % forPM2.5 in the Balkans and Greece, and varies between 36 % and45 % for AOD above fire regions. The simulated number of daily exceedance of World Health Organization (WHO)recommendations for PM2.5 over the considered region reaches 30 days inregions affected by fires and ∼10 days in fire plumes, which isslightly underestimated compared to available observations. The maximumstatistical dispersion (σ) on this indicator is also large (withσ reaching 15 days), showing the need for better understanding of thetransport and evolution of fire plumes in addition to fire emissions.

Impact of wildfires on particulate matter in the Euro-Mediterranean in 2007: sensitivity to some parameterizations of emissions in air quality models