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. Quantitative understanding of the sources and sinks of greenhousegases is essential for predicting greenhouse-gas–climate feedback processesand their impacts on climate variability and change. Australia plays asignificant role in driving variability in global carbon cycling, but thebudgets of carbon gases in Australia remain highly uncertain. Here, shipborneFourier transform infrared spectrometer measurements collected aroundAustralia are used together with a global chemical transport model(GEOS-Chem) to analyse the variability of three direct and indirect carbongreenhouse gases: carbon dioxide ( CO2 ), methane ( CH4 ) andcarbon monoxide ( CO ). Using these measurements, we provide an updateddistribution of these gases. From the model, we quantify their sources andsinks, and we exploit the benefits of multi-species analysis to exploreco-variations to constrain relevant processes. We find that for all threegases, the eastern Australian coast is largely influenced by local anthropogenicsources, while the southern, western and northern coasts are characterised by a mixtureof anthropogenic and natural sources. Comparing coincident and co-locatedenhancements in the three carbon gases highlighted several common sourcesfrom the Australian continent. We found evidence for 17 events with similarenhancement patterns indicative of co-emission and calculated enhancementratios and modelled source contributions for each event. We found thatanthropogenic co-enhancement events are common along the eastern coast, whileco-enhancement events in the tropics primarily derive from biomass burningsources. While the GEOS-Chem model generally reproduced the timing ofco-enhancement events, it was less able to reproduce the magnitude ofenhancements. We used these differences to identify underestimated,overestimated and missing processes in the model. We found modeloverestimates of CH4 from coal burning and underestimates of allthree gases from biomass burning. We identified missing sources from fossilfuel, biofuel, oil, gas, coal, livestock, biomass burning and the biospherein the model, pointing to the need to further develop and evaluate greenhouse-gas emission inventories for the Australian continent.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Simultaneous shipborne measurements of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and CO and their application to improving greenhouse-gas flux estimates in Australia