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. The homogeneous sulfuric acid–water nucleation rate in conditionsrelated to vehicle exhaust was measured and modeled. The measurements wereperformed by evaporating sulfuric acid and water liquids and by diluting andcooling the sample vapor with a sampling system mimicking the dilutionprocess occurring in a real-world driving situation. The nucleation rateinside the measurement system was modeled inversely using CFD (computationalfluid dynamics) and the aerosol dynamics code, CFD-TUTMAM (Tampere Universityof Technology Modal Aerosol Model for CFD). The nucleation exponents for theconcentrations of sulfuric acid and water and for the saturation vaporpressure of sulfuric acid were found to be 1.9±0.1 , 0.50±0.05 ,and 0.75±0.05 , respectively. These exponents can be used to examine thenucleation mechanisms occurring in exhaust from different combustion sources(internal combustion engines, power plant boilers, etc.) or in theatmosphere. Additionally, the nucleation rate can be expressed with the exponentsas a function of the concentrations of sulfuric acid and water and oftemperature. The obtained function can be used as a starting point forinverse modeling studies of more complex nucleation mechanisms involvingextra compounds in addition to sulfuric acid and water. More complexnucleation mechanisms, such as those involving hydrocarbons, are observed with realvehicle exhaust and are also supported by the results obtained in this study.Furthermore, the function can be used to improve air quality models by usingit to model the effect of sulfuric acid-emitting traffic and power generationon the particle concentration in urban air.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Inversely modeling homogeneous H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; − H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O nucleation rate in exhaust-related conditions