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. While many studies have tried to quantify the sign and the magnitude of thewarm marine cloud response to aerosol loading, both remain uncertain, owing tothe multitude of factors that modulate microphysical and thermodynamicprocesses within the cloud. Constraining aerosol–cloud interactions using thelocal meteorology and cloud liquid water may offer a way to account forcovarying influences, potentially increasing our confidence in observationalestimates of warm cloud indirect effects. A total of 4 years of collocated satelliteobservations from the NASA A-Train constellation, combined with reanalysisfrom MERRA-2, are used to partition marine warm clouds into regimes based onstability, the free atmospheric relative humidity, and liquid water path.Organizing the sizable number of satellite observations into regimes is shownto minimize the covariance between the environment or liquid water path andthe indirect effect. Controlling for local meteorology and cloud statemitigates artificial signals and reveals substantial variance in both thesign and magnitude of the cloud radiative response, including regions whereclouds become systematically darker with increased aerosol concentration indry, unstable environments. A darkening effect is evident even under the moststringent of constraints. These results suggest it is not meaningful toreport a single global sensitivity of cloud radiative effect to aerosol. Tothe contrary, we find the sensitivity can range from −0.46 to0.11 Wm −2  ln(AI) −1 regionally.

Quantifying variations in shortwave aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions using local meteorology and cloud state constraints