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. An increase in the sulfate aerosols observed in the period 1–6 April 2014over Austria is analyzed using in situ measurements at an Austrian air qualitybackground station, lidar measurements at the closest EARLINET stations aroundAustria, CAMS near-real-time data, and particle dispersion modeling usingFLEXPART, a Lagrangian transport model. In situ measurements of SO2 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and O3 were performed at the air quality background stationPillersdorf, Austria (EMEP station AT30, 48 ∘ 43 ′  N, 15 ∘ 55 ′  E).A CAMS aerosol mixing ratio analysis for Pillersdorf and the lidarstations Leipzig, Munich, Garmisch, and Bucharest indicates the presence of an eventof aerosol transport, with sulfate and dust as principal components.For the sulfate layers identified at Pillersdorf from the CAMS analysis,backward- and forward-trajectory analyses were performed, associating lidarstations with the trajectories. The lidar measurements for the periodcorresponding to trajectory overpass of associated stations were analyzed,obtaining the aerosol layers, the optical properties, and the aerosol types. Thepotential sources of transported aerosols were determined for Pillersdorf andthe lidar stations using the source–receptor sensitivity computed with FLEXPART,combined with the MACCity source inventory. A comparative analysis for Pillersdorfand the trajectory-associated lidar stations showed consistent aerosol layers,optical properties and types, and potential sources. A complex pattern ofcontributions to sulfate over Austria was found in this paper. For the lowerlayers (below 2000  m ) of sulfate, it was found that central Europe was themain source of sulfate. Medium to smaller contributions come from sources ineastern Europe, northwest Africa, and the eastern US. For the middle-altitudelayers (between 2000 and 5000  m ), sources from central Europe (northern Italy,Serbia, Hungary) contribute with similar emissions. Northwest Africa and the easternUS also have important contributions. For the high-altitude layers (above5000  m ), the main contributions come from northwest Africa, but sources fromthe southern and eastern US also contribute significantly. No contributions fromEurope are seen for these layers. The methodology used in this paper can be usedas a general tool to correlate measurements at in situ stations and EARLINETlidar stations around these in situ stations.

Analysis of sulfate aerosols over Austria: a case study