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Abstract. The sources, chemical transformations and removal mechanisms of aerosoltransported to the Arctic are key factors that control Arcticaerosol–climate interactions. Our understanding of sources and processes islimited by a lack of vertically resolved observations in remote Arcticregions. We present vertically resolved observations of trace gases andaerosol composition in High Arctic springtime, made largely north of80 ∘  N, during the NETCARE campaign. Trace gas gradients observed onthese flights defined the polar dome as north of 66–68 ∘  30 ′  Nand below potential temperatures of 283.5–287.5 K. In the polar dome, weobserve evidence for vertically varying source regions and chemicalprocessing. These vertical changes in sources and chemistry lead tosystematic variation in aerosol composition as a function of potentialtemperature. We show evidence for sources of aerosol with higher organicaerosol (OA), ammonium and refractory black carbon (rBC) content in the upperpolar dome. Based on FLEXPART-ECMWF calculations, air masses sampled at alllevels inside the polar dome (i.e., potential temperature K , altitude ∼ 3.5 km ) subsided during transportover transport times of at least 10 days. Air masses at the lowest potentialtemperatures, in the lower polar dome, had spent long periods ( >10  days)in the Arctic, while air masses in the upper polar dome had entered theArctic more recently. Variations in aerosol composition were closely relatedto transport history. In the lower polar dome, the measured sub-micronaerosol mass was dominated by sulfate (mean 74 %), with lower contributions from rBC (1 %), ammonium (4 %) and OA(20 %). At higher altitudes and higher potential temperatures, OA,ammonium and rBC contributed 42 %, 8 % and 2 % of aerosol mass,respectively. A qualitative indication for the presence of sea salt showedthat sodium chloride contributed to sub-micron aerosol in the lower polardome, but was not detectable in the upper polar dome. Our observationshighlight the differences in Arctic aerosol chemistry observed atsurface-based sites and the aerosol transported throughout the depth of theArctic troposphere in spring.

Aircraft-based measurements of High Arctic springtime aerosol show evidence for vertically varying sources, transport and composition