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. The 6-month-long 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption was the largest in Iceland for200 years, emitting huge quantities of sulfur dioxide (SO2) into thetroposphere, at times overwhelming European anthropogenic emissions. Weather,terrain and latitude made continuous ground-based or UV satellite sensormeasurements challenging. Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)data are used to derive the first time series of dailySO2 mass present in the atmosphere and its verticaldistribution over the entire eruption period. A new optimal estimation schemeis used to calculate daily SO2 fluxes and average e-folding timeevery 12 h. For the 6 months studied, the SO2 flux was observed tobe up to 200 kt day−1 and the minimum total SO2 erupted masswas 4.4±0.8 Tg. The average SO2 e-folding time was2.4±0.6 days. Where comparisons are possible, these results broadly agreewith ground-based near-source measurements, independent remote-sensing dataand values obtained from model simulations from a previous paper. The resultshighlight the importance of using high-resolution time series data toaccurately estimate volcanic SO2 emissions. The SO2 massmissed due to thermal contrast is estimated to be of the order of 3 % ofthe total emission when compared to measurements by the Ozone MonitoringInstrument. A statistical correction for cloud based on the AVHRR cloud-CCIdata set suggested that the SO2 mass missed due to cloud cover couldbe significant, up to a factor of 2 for the plume within the first kilometrefrom the vent. Applying this correction results in a total erupted mass of6.7±0.4 Tg and little change in average e-folding time. The data setderived can be used for comparisons to other ground- and satellite-basedmeasurements and to petrological estimates of the SO2 flux. It couldalso be used to initialise climate model simulations, helping to betterquantify the environmental and climatic impacts of future Icelandic fissureeruptions and simulations of past large-scale flood lava eruptions.

Satellite-derived sulfur dioxide (SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland)

Satellite-derived sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland)