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Abstract. We present the laboratory results of immersion freezing efficiencies ofcellulose particles at supercooled temperature ( T) conditions. Three types ofchemically homogeneous cellulose samples are used as surrogates thatrepresent supermicron and submicron ice-nucleating plant structuralpolymers. These samples include microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), fibrouscellulose (FC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). Our immersion freezingdataset includes data from various ice nucleation measurement techniquesavailable at 17 different institutions, including nine dry dispersionand 11 aqueous suspension techniques. With a total of 20 methods, weperformed systematic accuracy and precision analysis of measurements fromall 20 measurement techniques by evaluating T -binned (1  ∘ C)data over a wide T range ( − 36  ∘ C  T - 4 ∘ C). Specifically, we intercompared the geometric surfacearea-based ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) density data derived fromour measurements as a function of T , ns,geo(T) . Additionally, we alsocompared the ns,geo(T) values and the freezing spectral slope parameter( Δ log ( n s , geo ) / Δ T ) from our measurements to previousliterature results. Results show all three cellulose materials arereasonably ice active. The freezing efficiencies of NCC samples agreereasonably well, whereas the diversity for the other two samples spans ≈  10  ∘ C. Despite given uncertainties within eachinstrument technique, the overall trend of the ns,geo(T) spectrum tracedby the T -binned average of measurements suggests that predominantlysupermicron-sized cellulose particles (MCC and FC) generally act as moreefficient ice-nucleating particles (INPs) than NCC with about 1 order ofmagnitude higher ns,geo(T) .

A comprehensive characterization of ice nucleation by three different types of cellulose particles immersed in water